分类： bb

Several ways for plastic garbage to enter the ocean;

1. Dump directly into it. For some plastic wastes with no recycling value, in order to reduce the cost, they are either directly burned or dumped into rivers and finally merged into the ocean. This phenomenon is particularly common in rural areas of China, and at present, the treatment capacity of landfill sites in China is mostly saturated, and there is no matching treatment capacity with a large number of plastic wastes. In addition, some of them are daily garbage produced by human life, which are randomly discarded in rivers, beaches and the sea due to the incomplete recycling system and the lack of environmental awareness. The widespread use of disposable plastic packaging aggravates this situation, and the related garbage collection system may be underdeveloped or even non-existent.

2. Sewage outlet. Mainly discharged into rivers through sewage pipes of sewage treatment plants. The waste water of industrial products may contain plastic particles, and in some places where supervision is not strict, large pieces of plastic waste may be directly discharged with the waste water through the sewage outlet.

3. Secondary pollution caused by improper garbage disposal

(1) landfill leachate pollution caused by improper landfill. The plastic particles contained in these leachate will penetrate deep into the soil and pollute the groundwater. The groundwater and the water flow in inland lakes are complementary, and these polluted groundwater will enter the river through the lake and finally flow into the ocean.

(2) Non-standard treatment of plastic recycling family workshops in China. In these small workshops, it is often necessary to use a lot of clean water to clean plastic waste, and these plastic-washed wastewater will not be treated harmlessly, so it will directly carry a large number of plastic particles or even whole pieces of plastic into the river. Like these sewage, the remaining plastic garbage residues will be directly dumped on the river bed.

4. Maritime activities

Including marine aquaculture and fishing, exploration and development, all kinds of garbage and ship coatings discharged during the ship’s driving. Some large-scale maritime accidents, such as capsizing of ships and leakage of raw materials, will also lead to plastic waste entering the boundless sea.

What impact will plastic waste have on the ocean?

People call the plastic garbage floating on the ocean the "seventh continent" as a whole, and plastic pollution has become the "unbearable weight of life" for many marine creatures in the vast ocean.

The harm of plastics to wild animals is unimaginable to human beings.

Maybe you never thought that the plastic rope you threw away would sink into the sea and entangle with countless marine life. It is reported that at least 344 species have been caught in the pain of being entangled with plastic so far.Including all turtle species, more than two-thirds of seal species, one-third of whale species and one-quarter of seabirds.

The seemingly dazzling and exquisite packaging plastic paper is also "hidden" after flowing into the sea. Most marine life has eaten plastic fragments by mistake. According to the records of the media and related institutions,At least 233 marine species, including all turtle species, more than one-third of seal species, 59% of whale species, 59% of seabird species, 92 species of fish and 6 species of invertebrates, have ingested plastics..

In addition, touching or colliding with plastic products can also threaten the lives of marine animals. For example, fishing gear has been proved to cause wear and damage to coral reef ecosystem during collision.

The report "Marine Garbage: Understanding, Preventing and Mitigating the Adverse Effects on Marine and Coastal Biodiversity" issued by the Secretariat of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity collates the field investigation of polluted marine organisms since 2012. The report shows that plastic pollution has involved various marine biota such as fish, algae, marine birds, marine mammals and marine reptiles.

To make matters worse, plastics are encroaching on the habitats on which marine life depends at an alarming rate. UN Secretary-General Guterres pointed out that pollution, overfishing and the impact of climate change are seriously damaging the health of the oceans. He said that according to a recent study, by 2050, the total weight of plastic waste in the ocean may exceed that of fish.

▍Marine plastics are difficult to degrade.

Plastic is a synthetic macromolecular polymer, and its molecular structure is difficult to be destroyed by biodegradation. If plastic is to be completely degraded into small molecules, a large number of chemical bonds need to be completely broken. For polyethylene molecules, this requires a lot of energy. Therefore, it may take hundreds of years to completely degrade plastics. A BBC report mentioned that a plastic cup can "survive" on the earth for half a century, which shows that the degradation of plastics is very difficult. Unlike land, the refrigeration effect of seawater slows down the degradation process caused by sunlight and high temperature. Therefore, the process of comprehensive decomposition of marine plastic waste is more long and arduous.

-It is difficult to recycle marine plastics.

The vast majority of monomers used to make plastics, such as ethylene and propylene, come from fossil hydrocarbon maps. None of the commonly used plastics is biodegradable. Plastics will eventually accumulate in landfills or natural environments rather than decompose. The only way to permanently eliminate plastic waste is through destructive heat treatment, such as combustion or pyrolysis. Therefore, the near-permanent pollution of the natural environment with plastic waste is an increasingly serious problem. Plastic fragments have been found in all major ocean basins, and it is estimated that the plastic waste entering the marine environment in 2010 alone reached 4-12 million tons. Fresh water system and terrestrial ecological environment are increasingly eroded by plastics.

Nowadays, plastic waste is everywhere.

Sea water is flowing, and plastic will drift to all directions with the water flow; Seawater is also unfathomable, and plastics with different weights and qualities will be divided into different depths. No matter how hard people try, there is no guarantee that there will be no more plastic in the seawater of a certain area. When the plastic is turned into tiny particles, things become more complicated, the difficulty of recycling suddenly increases, and the harm is even greater.　

-There are limitations in monitoring marine plastics

1. There are disputes about the data model and sampling method of plastic waste.

A few days ago, a number of experts and scholars announced their monitoring results of microplastics off the coast of China at the APEC seminar on innovative ways to prevent and control marine debris. Although the monitoring scope is the same, their data results are quite different. Luo Yongming, a researcher from Yantai Coastal Zone Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, said that this is due to the differences in sampling tools and methodology.

Not only are there great differences in domestic research results, but the sampling and research methods of marine plastic waste have not been unified internationally. Li Daoji, a marine environmental expert, once pointed out that the international model research on the amount of marine plastic waste has not measured the amount of plastic waste discharged by various countries, and the research method is still open to question.

2. It is difficult to monitor and treat marine plastic waste.

It is very difficult to track the input and distribution of marine plastics, and there is a great difference between the annual input of plastics and the ocean and the estimated value of surface plastic accumulation. This difference is called the "missing plastic" problem. The monitoring of microplastics is even more difficult, because the particle size of microplastics is very small, and the analysis is very difficult. Therefore, the economic strength of different research teams, the ability to obtain data, the advanced analytical instruments and the feasibility of analytical technology will all have an impact on the monitoring results, which leads to great uncertainty in the monitoring of marine microplastics.

Therefore, it is unrealistic to try to clean up all the plastic garbage in the ocean by manpower. What human beings should do is how to reduce the production and use of plastics, improve the recycling and utilization rate of plastics, and control the source of pollution.

References: Dialogue between China and Foreign Countries; http://aoc.ouc.edu.cn/2a/79/c9824a207481/page.htm in the study of marine development in http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5dd925170102xgm4.html and China.

Tens of billions of years ago, the first single-celled life on the earth was born in the ocean, but there is no doubt that these white ghosts created by ourselves are slowly destroying the source of life. It is difficult for us to predict where the plastic bottles we throw away will float, just as we can’t predict what node these plastic wastes will bring to the fate of six billion human beings.

data source

National Bureau of Statistics(NBS)

NOAA/Woods Hole Sea Grant

Ocean Atlas 2017

Bulletin on the Environmental Situation of China Coastal Waters in 2016

Bulletin on the State of Marine Environment in China in 2016

Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management in China, 2015

Annual Report on Comprehensive Utilization of Resources in China in 2014

Marine litter: understanding, preventing and mitigating adverse impacts on marine and coastal biodiversity.

Jambeck et al. (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean.

Laurent C. M. Lebreton et.(2017). River plastic emissions to the world’s oceansNature

Kühn, S., et al., Deleterious Effects of Litter on Marine Life, in Bergmann, M., et al., Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Springer, 2015

IUCN 《Primary Microplastics in the Oceans:a Global Evaluation of Sources》Julien Boucher, Damien Friot

http://onesharedocean.org/LME_48_Yellow_Sea

http://onesharedocean.org/LME_47_East_China_Sea

Instructor: Wu Xiaokun

Graphic editor: Quan Linghui

Team members: Wen Yongshi, Xing Ye, Wang Xinyu and Wu Xi.

　　Pierre moscovici, Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs of the European Union, said on the 22nd that the U.S. government’s trade sanctions against the EU were "inappropriate" and that Europe and the United States, caught in a trade dispute, should have acted "like allies".

　　During the G20 finance ministers’ meeting and central bank governors’ meeting in Buenos Aires, Moscovici said in an interview with the media that the United States regards the EU and Russia as trade "rivals", but the EU is "willing to build bridges".

　　"I stressed many times at the meeting that the EU is definitely not the initiator of major trade imbalances." Moskovic said that the international situation is changing at the time of the meeting. "The G20 plays an important role in the multilateral system", and the multilateral system is under great pressure at present. At the same time, trade disputes are intensifying, which may further escalate. "All these bring uncertainty to the economic prospects".

　　In Moscovici’s view, the current protectionist policies have limited impact at present, but there is still the possibility of escalation, so everyone should "keep a cool head".

　　"Further escalation of trade conflicts will have a negative impact on the well-being of relevant countries, including the United States." Agence France-Presse quoted him as saying that trade protectionism will not benefit anyone, "there are no winners, only victims".

　　The United States has imposed high tariffs on steel and aluminum products from the European Union, Canada and Mexico since June 1, and is considering imposing tariffs on automobiles and their spare parts from these three countries. The US government also imposed tariff sanctions on other countries.

　　The International Monetary Fund predicts that in the worst case, if all tariff threats are implemented and retaliatory measures are triggered, the global GDP will be reduced by half a percentage point in 2020, about 430 billion US dollars. (Wang Yijun) [Xinhua News Agency]

　　Weibo said that two Japanese students encountered "saucers" when visiting the Yuyuan Scenic Spot in Shanghai. Weibo screenshot

　　The Beijing News (Reporter Lin Feiran, Li Xin, Zhang Jian, intern Zhang Rui) On April 7th, a netizen posted a Weibo saying that on the afternoon of the 6th, two Japanese students were taken to the Yuyuan Teahouse on the second floor of No.229 Jinling East Road for tea when they were visiting the Yuyuan Scenic Area in Shanghai. "When I checked out, I was told that the tea fee was 48 yuan’s bite. A total of more than 2,100 yuan was spent, and all the cash of more than 1,000 yuan was forcibly hollowed out. "

　　At 7 o’clock last night, "Shanghai Huangpu", which was certified as the official WeChat public account in Huangpu District, sent a message saying that the teahouse involved had been investigated and dealt with. Once the illegal facts are verified, they will be severely punished according to law.

　　The day before, "Shanghai Huangpu" announced that the money had been returned after the deceived students reported to the police.

　　event

　　Invited to tea, told 2000 yuan at checkout.

　　Weibo said that two Japanese students encountered "saucers" when visiting the Yuyuan Scenic Spot in Shanghai. According to the receipt of the case (incident) of Shanghai Public Security Bureau published in Weibo, at about 15: 45 on April 6, two parties (Japanese students) came out of Yuyuan Station of Shanghai Metro Line 10 and met a man and two women, who were asked to help them take photos.

　　These three people invited two parties to have dinner together. Subsequently, the two were taken to Yuyuan Teahouse on the second floor of No.229 Jinling East Road for tea, and were told that they spent a total of 2,000 yuan at checkout. More than 1,000 yuan in the wallets of the two parties was forcibly taken away. Afterwards, Japanese students reported the case to the Bund Police Station of Huangpu Branch of Shanghai Public Security Bureau.

　　On the evening of April 7, the netizen claimed that two students got back the cheated money at the Bund police station, but was asked to stop here.

　　respond

　　The store has returned the consumption amount to the party concerned.

　　At 6: 44 pm on April 8, "Shanghai Huangpu" issued a statement on the situation of chopping off customers in Yuyuan Teahouse, No.33 Henan South Road, responding that on April 7, after the parties asked the police for help, the store had returned more than 1,000 yuan spent by them through work.

　　The article also said that on the morning of April 8, Huangpu District Market Supervision Bureau conducted an on-site inspection on the second floor of No.33 Henan South Road. After investigation, the "Yuyuan Teahouse" at No.229 Jinling East Road reflected by netizens is actually located in Room 206, No.33 Henan South Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai. The enterprise is "Shanghai Yiketing Tea Co., Ltd.".

　　According to industrial and commercial data, Shanghai Yiketing Tea Co., Ltd. was established on April 12, 2013 with a capital injection of 30,000 yuan. Its business scope covers prepackaged foods, bulk food, direct imported food, arts and crafts, tea sets, etc. Its legal representative is Hua Jingqin, and it is registered by Huangpu District Market Supervision Administration.

　　Last night, the Beijing News reporter got in touch with Mr. Guo Dong, a shareholder of the company. He said on the phone that it was not 48 yuan’s tea, but he was not the main person in charge now, and then hung up.

　　At 7 o’clock last night, "Shanghai Huangpu" announced that after investigation and evidence collection by Huangpu District Market Supervision Bureau, "Yuyuan Teahouse" was suspected of violating the Consumer Protection Law and other relevant laws and regulations, infringing on the legitimate rights and interests of consumers, and has now filed a case for investigation. Once the illegal facts are verified, they will be severely punished according to law.

　　In addition, the relevant law enforcement departments in Huangpu District remind consumers to pay attention to whether the purchased goods (services) are clearly marked when consuming, so as to avoid the price being tricky, and at the same time, be sure to ask the merchants for invoices or consumption vouchers, so as to facilitate the rights protection in case of consumer disputes.

　　Statement 1

　　If it involves saucer fraud, can I get a refund?

　　Han Xiao, a lawyer of Beijing Kangda Law Firm, believes that if the tea provided by the teahouse where the "saucer" is located does not match the price list, or Japanese students order directly from the saucer when they consume, and are required to pay a high consideration when they pay the bill, then the behavior of the saucer is suspected of criminal fraud; If the saucer has forced payment during the transaction, it is suspected of forced transaction.

　　Judging from the current information, the amount involved is 1000 yuan, which has not yet reached the sentencing standard for fraud (3,000 yuan) or forced trading (2,000 yuan) in the Criminal Law. Therefore, in addition to refunding money, according to the relevant provisions of the Law on Public Security Administration Punishment, the saucer is most likely to face administrative punishment, that is, detention for less than 10 days and a fine of less than 500 yuan. "If the police find other victims after investigation, they may be criminally punished."

　　Statement 2

　　Does Japanese student status affect rights protection?

　　Han Xiao said that according to the "Measures for Punishment of Infringement on Consumer Rights and Interests", when operators make false or misleading propaganda on goods and services, the administrative department for industry and commerce will punish them in accordance with the Consumer Protection Law. According to the circumstances, you can impose a warning, confiscate the illegal income and impose a fine of less than ten times the illegal income.

　　"China’s civil law, criminal law and administrative law all stipulate the principle of territoriality, that is, events that occur in China are subject to Chinese laws." Han Xiao said that although the victims in this incident were Japanese students, it did not affect their rights in China through civil, criminal and administrative means. In terms of rights protection, according to the current report, Japanese students can call the police to coordinate and resolve disputes, or they can ask the saucer to compensate themselves for personal and property losses caused by this incident through civil procedures.

　　In recent years, we have experienced "sky-high" events.

　　In addition to 48 yuan’s high-priced tea, in recent years, the media reported many "high-priced" events. For example, a dish of "sky-high tofu" at 368 yuan, "sky-high horse riding" at one yuan per second, a bowl of casserole rice congee in 100 yuan, a dried apricot in 8.8 yuan and so on.

　　In this regard, Zhang Lingyun, vice president of the School of Tourism Management of Beijing Union University, once suggested that the government should take the lead in establishing a supervision consortium for tourism, public security, industry and commerce, price and other departments. We can set up a government to guide prices, seriously investigate and deal with negative tour fees, and seriously rectify the catering market.

　　A cheap shrimp in 38 yuan.

　　Event: During last year’s National Day, some netizens broke the news that they encountered a guest-killing incident while eating in Qingdao. When ordering, the boss confirmed that 38 yuan had a "sea prawn", and when checking out, it became a 38 yuan, and the asking price for a plate of prawns was more than 1,500 yuan.

　　Results: Qingdao Municipal Price Bureau and others found out that although the food provided by the food stall was clearly marked, it was not standardized and was suspected of misleading consumers. The hotel involved was fined 90,000 yuan and ordered to correct it immediately.

　　398 yuan a catty of sky-high fish

　　Event: In February this year, Weibo, a Chen Yanfa from Jiangsu, said that after going to Harbin for the Spring Festival and being taken to the "North Shore Wild Fish Village" restaurant by a tour guide, the bill bill showed that the price was 10,302 yuan and the unit price was 398 yuan.

　　Results: The local government departments found that there were some behaviors, such as selling farmed mandarin fish as wild mandarin fish, and failing to apply for renewal of the Catering Service License on time. The business license of the hotel involved was revoked and a fine of 500,000 yuan was imposed.

　　894 yuan sky-high mushroom stew chicken

　　Event: On October 2 last year, a Shanxi tourist said that he was taken to a restaurant for a farmhouse banquet by a "black tour guide" in Laoshan Scenic Area, and finally spent 2,300 yuan, including 894 yuan for a mushroom stew chicken.

　　Results: Laoshan Scenic Area ordered the person in charge of the hotel to suspend business for rectification, apologized to the tourist, and compensated the tourist for all the losses.

On September 27th, on the day of World River Day, the press conference of "Taking the Pulse of the Yangtze River" and "Yangtze River Vitality Report 2020" (hereinafter referred to as "Report") co-sponsored by WWF and The Paper was held in Shanghai.

In this activity, WWF, together with the Institute of Hydrobiology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Geographical Sciences and Resources of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Nanjing Institute of Geography and Lakes of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Yangtze River Academy of Water Conservancy Commission, the Environmental Planning Institute of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment Education Department of Tongji University, the School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower of Wuhan University, and the Suzhou Institute of Environmental Innovation of Tsinghua, jointly released the Yangtze River Vitality Report 2020.

It is understood that WWF and the above eight research institutes started the project in 2018. The purpose is to provide a systematic and objective report on the health diagnosis of the Yangtze River, provide policy advice for strengthening the ecological environment protection of the Yangtze River basin and implementing the green development strategy of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, provide policy suggestions for the protection and management of the Yangtze River ecosystem, and stimulate and promote different stakeholders to actively participate in the Yangtze River protection.

Kyle Rambotti, Global Director-General of WWF, said in the preface that as the first complete basin-level index in the world, the Yangtze River Vitality Index is also an innovation, and its concept connotation and evaluation method are expected to be further promoted worldwide. After all, for the major rivers in the world, we can’t reverse the trend of freshwater ecosystem loss and biodiversity decline until we better understand their vitality.

As the core of the report, Kyle Rambotti said that a complete basin-level index in the world is the Yangtze River vitality index, which sorts out many indicators and selects representative, indicative, concise, traceable and sustainable indicators to comprehensively reflect the health status of the Yangtze River freshwater ecosystem from three dimensions: hydrology, water environment and water ecology. The main conclusion of the index evaluation is that the overall health status of the Yangtze River is B-, and it shows regional differences with human activities.

The Paper, as the strategic cooperation media of the project, sent reporters to interview the relevant experts of the research group on the hydrology, water environment and water ecology of the Yangtze River before the report was released, so as to comprehensively interpret the report on the vitality of the Yangtze River.

Hydrological article

Hydrological index should be considered comprehensively.

The report points out that as an important characteristic of freshwater ecosystem, the change of hydrological situation determines the water quality, habitat and biological life history process of rivers. At the same time, the amount of river sediment transport and the change of sediment erosion and deposition significantly affect the biogeochemical cycle, water quality, river-lake relationship and the development of estuary delta, which is of great significance to the function of river ecosystem. The indexes for evaluating hydrological situation in the report mainly include hydrological process indicators and connectivity indicators.

Jin Chen, the leader of the research group of the report and a professor at the School of Water Resources and Hydropower of Wuhan University, told The Paper that the hydrological index is mainly aimed at natural rivers, that is, compared with the era without large reservoirs (before 1980), the higher the index, the closer it is to the natural hydrological process.

He said that at present, the main stream and tributaries of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River (except Chishui River) are not pure natural rivers. Therefore, the hydrological index is not high, which is mainly aimed at natural ecosystems such as fish. For densely populated China, it is necessary to build a reservoir. It cannot be simply said that a high hydrological index is better, and a low hydrological index is not good. "Both human beings and nature need water resources. The high or low hydrological index reflects the difference between human beings and nature in water resources distribution. It is necessary to comprehensively consider the needs of human development and nature protection and make rational distribution and regulation."

Global warming and the development of urban agglomeration affect the hydrological situation.

Besides being influenced by the connectivity between reservoirs and rivers and lakes, climate change also shapes the hydrological situation of the Yangtze River, which is mainly reflected in precipitation and flood events. Li Xin, a member of the research group and a doctor from the National University of Singapore, told The Paper that the report analyzed the impacts of ENSO (El Nio-Southern Oscillation, El Ni? o/La Ni? a and Southern Oscillation) events and global warming on the extreme precipitation index and hydrological core index by correlation analysis.

The results show that ENSO events have a significant impact on the extreme precipitation indexes in the source, upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River basin. Specifically, La Nina events in ENSO events will generally increase the intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation in the source, upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River basin, which may lead to an increase in flood risk in the Yangtze River basin. Global warming has a significant impact on the index of extreme precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin, which will generally increase the intensity and frequency of annual precipitation and extreme precipitation events in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and may also increase the flood risk in the Yangtze River basin.

Li Xin also stressed that the impacts of global warming and ENSO events on hydrological core indexes in different water resources areas show spatial differences, which indicates that hydrological processes have complex responses to global climate change. He believes that "this requires us to further strengthen the impact assessment of climate change on the regional hydrological cycle process, and constantly improve the ability of the Yangtze River basin to scientifically respond to climate change under the background of" Great Protection of the Yangtze River ".

According to the analysis of the report, the rapid development of urban agglomerations in the middle reaches may lead to frequent floods and an increase in the average flow during the flood season. In this regard, Li Xin explained that "the urbanization process has turned many permeable surfaces into impermeable surfaces, resulting in reduced infiltration, increased surface runoff components and increased peak urban flood discharge".

Nature-based solutions may ease the flood control situation in the Yangtze River.

According to the above analysis of the two experts, it can be seen that climate change, land use and other factors all affect the hydrological situation of the Yangtze River, making the flood control situation in the Yangtze River basin more complicated. This summer, the middle reaches of the Yangtze River once again experienced the test of a big flood. How to alleviate the complicated and severe situation, the report proposes that the solution based on nature should be one of the important means in the future when necessary engineering measures are adopted. Jiang Luguang, one of the technical leaders of the research group and an associate researcher at the Institute of Geographical Sciences and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, explained this scheme in detail.

The World Conservation Union (IUCN) defines "nature-based solution" (NBS) as "an action to efficiently and adaptively respond to social challenges and bring benefits to human welfare and biodiversity through the protection, sustainable management and restoration of natural or artificial ecosystems". Jiang Luguang believes that this is completely consistent with China’s ecological civilization concept of respecting nature, adapting to nature and protecting nature. He told The Paper that there are many concrete manifestations of nature-based solutions, such as ecological restoration, adaptive strategies of ecosystems, and green infrastructure.

Taking the flood situation of Poyang Lake in flood season this year as an example, Jiang Luguang introduced the function of "returning farmland to lake" project to adapt to the natural rhythm of the Yangtze River and promote the harmony between people and water. In the flood season of 2020, some hydrological stations in Poyang Lake experienced the highest flood level in history, and the project of returning farmland to Poyang Lake fully played the role of flood storage and detention for the first time. Returning farmland to lake dikes can store about 2 billion cubic meters of flood water, reducing the water level of the lake by 25-30 cm in flood season, and greatly alleviating the flood control pressure of key dikes (protecting towns or tens of thousands of acres of fertile land).

In addition, the ongoing sponge city construction is also a good "nature-based solution". Sponge city advocates giving priority to the use of natural drainage system and low-impact development facilities in urban development and construction to realize natural accumulation, natural infiltration, natural purification and sustainable water circulation of rainwater, which can not only make full use of the natural restoration ability of water ecosystem, but also be an important means to solve the problem of urban waterlogging. For the Yangtze River basin, sponge city can reduce the adverse effects of drastic changes in the underlying surface of the basin on the runoff and runoff.

Water environment chapter

The water environment index in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is low.

Freshwater ecosystem is the main receiving place of nutrients and organic matter exported by terrestrial ecosystem. The quality of water environment determines whether freshwater ecosystem can provide clean water resources, and nutritional status plays an important role in shaping biological composition and community structure in freshwater ecosystem. The water environment index of the Yangtze River vitality index is mainly aimed at evaluating the main pollutant indexes.

The report pointed out that the main pollutants affecting the water environment index include industrial wastewater, domestic sewage and agricultural cultivation. When calculating the water environment index, the main basis is the water quality index.

Xu Yanxue of the Environmental Planning Institute of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment explained this. "We selected the water quality monitoring sections of major rivers and lakes in the Yangtze River Basin, and calculated three indicators representing water nutrition and organic pollutants, namely ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus and permanganate index, and obtained the water environment index of each region (main river reach, main tributaries, four lakes, etc.) and evaluated it. The higher the water environment index, the lighter the water pollution and the better the water quality; The lower the water environment index, the higher the water pollution and the worse the water quality.

Xu Yanxue told The Paper that, after calculation, the overall water environment quality of the Yangtze River basin is at the national middle-upper level. However, from the main stream of the Yangtze River, the water environment index in the middle and lower reaches is relatively low, which is B-.

"The social and economic development in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is rapid, with concentrated industrial enterprises and active production activities. The typical pollutants discharged into the environment by these enterprises are total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen and organic matter. The permanganate index reflects the concentration of organic matter in water. Although each enterprise has relevant emission standards to limit the amount of pollutants entering the environment, the total amount of emissions will be relatively high. At the same time, the amount of pollutants produced by agriculture and life and the amount of pollutants brought in by the upper reaches of the Yangtze River will be superimposed, resulting in total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen and permanganate in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

At present, the regulatory system can not accurately locate pollution sources.

According to the analysis of the report, the high concentration of pollutants will lead to the decrease of dissolved oxygen in the water body and affect the growth of aquatic organisms. At the same time, the high concentration of total phosphorus will affect the concentration of total phosphorus in the downstream lake water body, leading to the eutrophication of the lake. The Paper noted that the report made a separate analysis of the vitality indices of the four major lakes in the Yangtze River Basin, namely Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake and Chaohu Lake, among which the water environment of the four lakes was the key point.

Taking Taihu Lake as an example, the report explains the water environment crisis faced by the lake and its solutions. Since the cyanobacteria crisis in Taihu Lake in 2007, the state and local governments have done a lot of work on pollutant emission reduction and lake pollution control, and achieved remarkable results, but they still failed to return to the concentration level of nutrient elements in the 1970s and 1980s. Under unfavorable meteorological conditions such as high fever and southeast wind, cyanobacteria still broke out in Taihu Lake in recent years, which still failed to change the nature of algal lakes.

The Paper interviewed Yang Hongwei, deputy chief engineer of Suzhou Institute of Environmental Innovation in Tsinghua, about why Taihu Lake has not achieved remarkable results so far. He first affirmed the governance direction of eutrophic lakes. He believes that from the international experience of lake eutrophication control, the management of eutrophic lakes is a long-term project, and the time scale of 10 years is not enough to fundamentally change the essence of lake eutrophication. Judging from the current measures and effects of water pollution control in Taihu Lake, we have achieved remarkable results, especially the concentration of total phosphorus and total nitrogen has decreased significantly, and the frequency and severity of cyanobacteria outbreaks have also decreased significantly, so there is no deviation in our control direction.

However, he also admitted that although there is no deviation in the direction of governance, the regulatory system still needs to develop towards precision. "The current monitoring system can’t meet the requirements of smaller-scale grid supervision, can’t accurately locate pollution sources, and it is difficult to achieve accurate pollution control. This is also a new requirement for the regulatory system in the next step of precise lake governance."

We should continue to pay attention to the types and toxicity of emerging pollutants in water.

The Paper noted that the report specifically mentioned the emerging pollutants in the Yangtze River. Yang Hongwei told The Paper that emerging pollutants generally refer to substances that have not been related to environmental management policies, regulations or emission control standards, but may be included in the control object according to the assessment of their detection frequency and potential health risks. These substances are not necessarily new chemicals, but usually pollutants that have been in the environment for a long time, but have been discovered in the near future because of their low concentration, their existence and potential harm and the development of detection technology.

At present, emerging pollutants detected in the water environment mainly include endocrine disruptors, drugs, personal care products and other trace organic pollutants. Usually, the detection concentration in the water environment is at the level of ng/L. At this concentration level, it generally does not have acute toxicity, and it mainly produces chronic toxicity to organisms in the Yangtze River and further to human body, which is not enough to achieve long-term toxic concentration. However, it has potential endocrine disrupting properties, teratogenesis, carcinogenesis, mutation and resistance gene changes and other chronic toxicity, so we should continue to pay attention to the types, concentrations, sources, migration and transformation, toxicity of emerging pollutants in water, so as to grasp the hazards of emerging pollutants in water in time and provide reference for the formulation of corresponding environmental management policies and regulations.

Water ecology article

The middle reaches of the Yangtze River are frequently disturbed by various human activities, and the water ecology is the worst.

The water ecological index mainly evaluates the richness, diversity, community structure and habitat of aquatic organisms in the main stream of the Yangtze River and four lakes (Dongting Lake, Poyang Lake, Chaohu Lake and Taihu Lake). Water ecology is a "living" part of vitality, and its index directly reflects whether the Yangtze River still has vitality and how much vitality it has.

Chen Yushun, the technical director of the evaluation of the water ecological status of the main stream of the Yangtze River, a researcher and doctoral supervisor at the Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, said that the water ecology of the main stream of the Yangtze River is generally at the B- level. That is to say, on the whole, the water ecology of the Yangtze River has been at an unhealthy level, which shows that the Yangtze River is really ill. Among them, the water ecological index in the middle reaches is the worst.

It is embodied in the decrease of fish species, natural fishery catch and early fish resources. Chen Yushun said, "The number of fish species in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River has decreased by 36 from 97 in the past, the number of endemic fish species has decreased by 16 from 38 in the past, the number of threatened fish species has decreased by 11 from 16, the number of finless porpoises has decreased from 902 in the past to 193 now, the natural fishery catch has decreased from more than 400,000 tons in the past to 80,000 tons now, and the early fish resources have decreased from 6.7 billion in the past to 9 now.

Chen Yushun further explained this. "Due to the hydropower development in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and its tributaries, and the interference of human activities such as fishing, shipping, sand mining and industrial and agricultural development in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the middle reaches are greatly affected by the superposition. Such as the change of hydrological situation, the decrease of sediment, the utilization of beaches, the reproduction of aquatic organisms such as fish, the degradation and loss of key habitats for growth, and the serious lack of bait resources. Coupled with the direct and indirect effects of overfishing, the above indicators in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River are very low, which in turn affects the comprehensive index of water ecology in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.

In order to ensure the effect of fishing ban, ecological monitoring should be strengthened

According to Chen Yushun’s description, the biological resources of the Yangtze River are declining and the biodiversity is declining, so it is urgent to "ban fishing in the Yangtze River for ten years". In order to effectively alleviate this crisis, the state has issued a series of relevant documents and notices to make arrangements for a total ban on fishing.

On July 15, 2020, Yu Kangzhen, Vice Minister of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, said at the policy briefing held by the State Council Office that on January 1 this year, 332 aquatic life reserves in the Yangtze River Basin had been completely banned on schedule, and the fishing ban in key waters in the Yangtze River Basin would be implemented for 10 years from January 1, 2021.

For the 10-year cycle, Chen Yushun explained to The Paper that 10 years is a relative value, and fish can complete a certain breeding cycle, which should also be a tentative period. During this period, most aquatic organisms can have a relatively long period of proliferation and population recovery. However, in these 10 years, it is also necessary to adjust other stress factors, carry out habitat restoration and restore biological resources at the same time.

In order to effectively monitor the effect of the ban on fishing, Chen Yushun suggested that the relevant departments should open up a green channel for scientific investigation when carrying out a comprehensive ban on fishing, so as to ensure the availability of scientific research vessels and the simplicity of handling fish fishing licenses. In this way, scientists and fishery resource managers can really work in the same direction to jointly promote the ecological protection of the Yangtze River.

The ecology of the four lakes in the Yangtze River is not optimistic as a whole.

According to the report, Dongting Lake, Poyang Lake, Chaohu Lake and Taihu Lake are the four largest freshwater lakes in the Yangtze River Basin, among which Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake directly connect with the Yangtze River. These four shallow-water and fresh-water lakes play a huge ecosystem service function in terms of water regulation, material supply, providing biological habitat, maintaining biodiversity and keeping clean water sources, and play an extremely important role in protecting the water ecological health of the Yangtze River basin and maintaining the vitality of the Yangtze River.

Junfeng Gao, the technical director of the ecological assessment of Sihu Lake, a researcher and doctoral supervisor of Nanjing Institute of Geography and Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, told The Paper that according to the assessment results, the current water ecological indexes of Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake are B-, Taihu Lake is C- and Chaohu Lake is D. That is, the water ecological health of Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake is in an upper-middle state, Taihu Lake is in an upper-middle state, and Chaohu Lake is in a lower-middle state. On the whole, the water ecological state of the four lakes is not optimistic, and the problems in Taihu Lake and Chaohu Lake are particularly serious.

Poyang Lake should be put in the first place in the differential treatment of the four lakes

As for how to harness the ecology of the Four Lakes, Junfeng Gao thinks that the protection and harness countermeasures are different because of the great differences in the natural geographical conditions, the influence degree of human activities and the water ecological problems faced by the Four Lakes.

He pointed out that the Dongting Lake basin should maintain the river-lake connectivity and the original hydrological rhythm of Tongjiang Lake, control the amount of pollutants entering the lake in the basin, strengthen the collection and treatment of urban domestic sewage, and control the agricultural non-point source pollution discharge. Poyang Lake basin should pay attention to the protection of biological species population and diversity, strengthen the protection of its habitat, and strictly supervise and manage nature reserves.

For Taihu Lake and Chaohu Lake, where the problem is particularly serious, it is also necessary to treat them differently. Junfeng Gao said that the Taihu Lake Basin should strengthen pollutant discharge control, control the total phosphorus flux into the lake, and strengthen the prevention and control of cyanobacteria bloom in the lake water. Chaohu Lake Basin should control the pollution of Nanfeihe River, Shiwuli River and Paihe River, strengthen the construction of urban environmental infrastructure in Hefei, improve the sewage collection rate and strengthen the level of nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Strengthen the prevention and control of cyanobacteria bloom in the lake area and establish a monitoring and early warning mechanism for cyanobacteria bloom in Chaohu Lake.

Among the four lakes, Junfeng Gao particularly emphasized the management of Poyang Lake. He said that Poyang Lake is the largest of the four lakes and is closely related to the main stream of the Yangtze River. Poyang Lake has rich ecosystem types, huge ecosystem service capacity, rich habitat types and biodiversity, and unique hydrological rhythm, which provides rich food and good food availability for various migratory birds. Its water ecological health quality has the most obvious effect on enhancing the vitality of the Yangtze River, so it is also the most important lake among the four lakes. The protection and restoration of Poyang Lake water ecology should be placed in the first place of the four lakes.　

　　Venture capital, seed funds actively lay out emerging industries and future industries, and "stock loan and debt guarantee" has strengthened the linkage to solve the financing bottleneck of technology enterprises … Nowadays, financial products continue to innovate, and fiscal and tax support continues to increase. In the past, start-up technology enterprises that faced financing problems because of small scale, light assets and difficult valuation have received more help. A few days ago, the reporter walked into a number of technology-based enterprises and felt the enthusiasm for innovation.

　　Help the early, the small and the excellent, and the fund will take good care of the project growth.

　　At the end of August, the "Quantum Vision" project in cooperation with Anhui Science and Technology Museum was successfully delivered. Hu Wei, executive director of Hefei Hanhai Quantum Technology Co., Ltd., breathed a sigh of relief: "Thanks to the help of the seed fund, we have the confidence to take this project."

　　Two years ago, Hu Weicheng, a researcher at China University of Science and Technology, established Hanhai Quantum according to the policy that universities give scientific researchers the ownership of scientific and technological achievements. In the early days of the establishment of this technology-based enterprise, the dilemma of lack of funds, equipment and space once left the founding team at a loss.

　　In May last year, in the roadshow of the achievement project of Hefei Science and Technology Achievement Transformation Special Class, Hu Wei showed the company’s technology, which successfully attracted the attention of Dean Wong, the leader of the second group of Hefei Science and Technology Achievement Transformation Special Class. As the deputy general manager of Hefei Kechuang Group, the operation manager of Hefei seed fund, Dean Wong made a preliminary agreement with the scientific research team of Hanhai Quantum Company to invest 2 million yuan in seed fund after confirming the innovation and practicability of the project.

　　The blessing of seed fund not only helped Hu Wei enterprises tide over the difficulties, but also incited other capitals to join. "The enterprise has just been established with no profit and financing difficulties. After getting the seed fund, it not only solves the current financial problem, but also makes our follow-up financing much easier. " Hu Wei told reporters that they are currently negotiating with Hefei Industrial Investment Promotion High-tech Venture Capital Fund Partnership, and will soon get another investment of 3 million yuan.

　　In 2022, Hefei set up a seed fund with a total scale of 500 million yuan to provide financial support for "original innovation, source innovation and integrated innovation". "Different from other funds, seed fund investment projects are in an earlier stage, like’ sowing’." Dean Wong said that the operation process should be evaluated according to the whole life cycle of the fund, and the maximum loss of the fund should not exceed 50%. Up to now, Hefei Seed Fund has reviewed 108 projects, of which 97 projects have passed the establishment meeting, and the approved investment amount exceeds 160 million yuan.

　　Since the beginning of this year, aiming at strategic emerging industries such as high-end equipment manufacturing, integrated circuits, biomedicine and big health, Hefei Seed Fund has signed 29 loan projects, totaling 53.5 million yuan, achieving full coverage of key industries. Today, the city has built a "fund jungle" of "government-guided parent fund+seed/angel/science and technology innovation fund+market-oriented fund", which has injected impetus into the high-quality development of local industries.

　　"Science and technology enterprises in the seed stage and initial stage have great development potential, but they also have problems such as high commercial risks and low credit level, and it is often difficult to obtain funds from traditional financing channels. As a professional organization, angel investment, seed fund and other investments are of great significance to start-ups, which can provide necessary financial support for enterprises to carry out R&D and marketing activities, and also standardize corporate governance and improve project success rate through business guidance. " Tian Lihui, dean of the Institute of Financial Development of Nankai University, said.

　　In the 6th (2023) China Medical Device Innovation and Entrepreneurship Competition, Qingdao Jianxin Medical Technology Co., Ltd. was awarded the special project of the National Key R&D Plan of the Ministry of Science and Technology, and was selected as the first batch of projects to be invested in the "Fruitful Gold" of Qingdao … After just one year of establishment, Qingdao Jianxin Medical Technology Co., Ltd. achieved rapid development.

　　In 2022, Feng Qingyu founded Jianxin Medical. With ideas and technology, he and his team came to Qingdao High-tech Zone Road Show in Shandong Province. "At first, we just wanted to have a platform to promote our products. I didn’t expect to be valued by the high-tech zone and get continuous financial support." Feng Qingyu said.

　　In recent years, Qingdao has devoted itself to building a global venture capital center, promulgated the Management Measures of Qingdao New and Old Kinetic Energy Conversion Guidance Fund and the policy of "Qingdao Venture Capital Ten Articles", optimized the government guidance fund policy system with the government guidance fund as a link, and activated the endogenous motivation of venture capital institutions to invest in Qingdao projects through a series of combination punches such as improving policy incentives and building a capital public platform.

　　"With the investment of government investment funds, the interest of various financial institutions in us has greatly increased, financing has been much smoother, and more scientific research results have been promoted." Feng Qingyu told reporters that they not only received 30 million yuan of government investment fund, but also 10 million yuan of credit support from Qingdao High-tech Sub-branch of Shanghai Pudong Development Bank, completed tens of millions of yuan of A round financing, and received 5 million yuan of investment from Qingdao "Fruit Gold".

　　"At present, local funds have developed rapidly, forming a professional and diversified development trend, actively promoting the development of strategic emerging industries and promoting R&D and innovation of high-quality enterprises." Tian Lihui said.

　　It is understood that the National Guiding Fund for the Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements established by the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Science and Technology has set up a total of 36 sub-funds, which has driven social capital investment to exceed 100 billion yuan at the project level, with an amplification ratio of 1: 18. Among the invested enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises account for more than 90%, and 36 enterprises have been listed in science and technology innovation board.

　　Tian Lihui believes that in order to better support the development of angel investment, seed funds and industrial funds, the government needs to continue to play a good guiding role and provide necessary support and encouragement policies. At the same time, by setting up guiding funds, providing tax incentives and relaxing investment restrictions, we will encourage and guide more social capital to enter related fields, strive to train professionals and establish cooperation mechanisms to jointly promote scientific and technological innovation and industrial upgrading.

　　"Don’t look at bricks to see patents", credit product innovation promotes the transformation of scientific and technological achievements

　　Not long ago, Shandong Huajian Testing Co., Ltd. received a national patent certificate, and its research and development of "Staphylococcus aureus detection equipment" was recognized. This is the fourth patent certificate received by Shandong Huajian within three months.

　　"The company has developed so well, thanks to the help of Linyi High-tech Zone." Wei Kepeng, deputy general manager of Shandong Huajian, said that at the end of last year, the company introduced a group of scientific research talents to focus on related technologies and needed to purchase equipment such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography.

　　"The purchase of equipment is nearly 4 million yuan, which is not a small expense for a start-up like us." Wei Kepeng said frankly, "Small and medium-sized science and technology enterprises have no heavy assets to mortgage, which does not meet the traditional loan conditions."

　　When the development of the enterprise is in a bottleneck, the staff of the Science and Technology Innovation Office of Linyi High-tech Zone made a door-to-door investigation, which brought good news.

　　According to the staff, Linyi High-tech Zone implemented the "Science and Technology Innovation Financial Environment" optimization and promotion action, introduced the enterprise innovation points system, scored according to the enterprise innovation development indicators, and took the enterprise innovation points as a reference, made accurate policies in different categories and at different levels, and carried out credit evaluation and credit enhancement for small and medium-sized science and technology enterprises. At present, it has established cooperation mechanisms with a number of financial institutions to accelerate the development of special technology and finance products for "innovative points loans". Linyi High-tech Zone has also established service mechanisms such as financing risk compensation, loan discount and guarantee subsidy for small and medium-sized science and technology enterprises in the initial stage, and built a platform for cooperation between government, banks and enterprises.

　　After listening to the policy, Wei Kepeng repeatedly praised it. Finally, after evaluation, Shandong Huajian scored a high score in innovation points, and successfully won a loan of 5 million yuan from Linyi High-tech Sub-branch of China Construction Bank.

　　"In the past three years, Linyi High-tech Zone has comprehensively utilized various means such as scientific and technological equity investment, loans for transforming scientific and technological achievements, intellectual property pledge financing, and credit loans for small and medium-sized scientific and technological enterprises, and has helped more than 20 small and medium-sized scientific and technological enterprises in the region to obtain various financing loans of more than 300 million yuan." Hu Deli, director of the Science and Technology Innovation Office of Linyi High-tech Zone, introduced.

　　Up to now, more than 100 national high-tech zones and more than 30 provincial high-tech zones have comprehensively promoted the enterprise innovation points system, and more than 100,000 enterprises have been included in the points evaluation. In 2022, integral enterprises received nearly 120 billion yuan in credit.

　　"Looking at patents without looking at bricks", anchoring the scientific and technological characteristics of enterprises to carry out institutional innovation, has activated a pool of spring water in technology and finance.

　　In Hefei, Anhui Province, in order to alleviate the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized science and technology enterprises, the High-tech Zone, together with four pilot banks, such as Industrial and Commercial Bank of China and Huishang Bank, launched the "loan-investment batch linkage" business, and recommended the technology enterprises that the state-owned holding fund has invested and intends to invest in batches. Since the pilot, 456 enterprises have been recommended, with a total credit of 730 million yuan and a total loan of 573 million yuan. According to the relevant person in charge of the Finance Bureau of Hefei High-tech Zone, now, relying on the platform of "regional economic brain", the local government has developed a series of application tools such as co-creation vouchers, market exchange, financial supermarkets and policy links for enterprises to provide more convenience.

　　In Zhejiang, CITIC Bank launched the "Kechuang e-loan", a credit product of less than 10 million yuan, which was applied and approved online without mortgage; For enterprises with strong scientific and technological attributes, capital operation and listing expectations, credit loans of up to 30 million yuan will be given by adopting the credit card approval model; For the core talents in the management team of science and technology enterprises, a "talent loan" product with talents as the mainstay and supplemented by business and financial judgment will be launched, with a maximum amount of 30 million yuan.

　　In Shanghai, Industrial Bank improved its financial service system based on the industrial park, gave full play to the advantages of "firm+investment bank", and provided financial support for small science and technology enterprises in the supply chain and industrial chain. By the end of 2022, there were 26,906 customers in the Industrial Bank Shanghai Branch, an increase of 4,450, accounting for 61%.

　　Tian Lihui believes that supporting the innovation and development of start-ups requires continuous innovation of financial products and services. In the future, we should continue to improve technology and finance, supply chain finance, financing guarantee, loan insurance and other different types of products and services to meet the needs of different types of enterprises and provide more abundant financing channels for start-ups.

　　Fiscal and tax support and supporting services are in place to reduce the burden for innovation and entrepreneurship.

　　Simplify the registration procedures, provide preferential rent, extend the contract period, give entrepreneurship subsidies, technological innovation subsidies, talent introduction subsidies, and introduce a series of preferential tax policies … All measures are taken to reduce the burden on start-ups and support the development of innovation and entrepreneurship.

　　Support talent introduction and technical research, and all kinds of subsidies are multi-pronged.

　　According to Yong Zhi, general manager of Hefei Zhuohua Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., the rapid growth of the company is inseparable from financial support.

　　"In the early days of the company’s establishment, it was necessary to spend money everywhere to decorate factories, purchase equipment and attract talents. At that time, the pressure of purchasing raw materials was great, and the capital turnover was particularly difficult. Fortunately, as a national high-tech enterprise, it can enjoy financial subsidies. The city gave a subsidy of 130,000 yuan to the research and development expenses of small and medium-sized science and technology enterprises, and a subsidy of 400,000 yuan to high-tech enterprises. These two funds helped us a lot. " Yong Zhi said.

　　The talent apartment provided in the area also solved the housing problem of Wei Ankun, the company’s R&D director. After graduation, he stayed in Hefei and moved into a talent apartment. The monthly rent was only in 500 yuan.

　　In order to effectively meet the development needs of start-ups, Hefei High-tech Zone has specially issued "Several Policies and Measures for Building a World-leading Science and Technology Park to Further Support Scientific and Technological Innovation", and issued 16 specific support policies in supporting the construction of high-level innovation platforms, supporting the introduction of high-level talent teams, and promoting the transfer and transformation of scientific and technological achievements.

　　Tax incentives to encourage the development of entrepreneurial platforms and venture capital enterprises.

　　"Our company mainly provides incubation services for technology enterprises. As of August this year, we enjoyed tax concessions including value-added tax, property tax and land use tax of more than 750,000 yuan." The Science and Technology Park built and operated by Yinxing Investment Group Co., Ltd. has a national-level technology business incubator, a municipal-level creative space and a district-level technology business accelerator. Jiang Yuyan, the company’s financial director, said, "The operation and maintenance costs of the incubator are high, and the preferential tax and fee policies have been implemented in time to reduce the operating pressure of enterprises and support us to better serve innovative enterprises. At present, the company has invested in more than 10 start-ups and 85 small and medium-sized enterprises. "

　　Recently, the finance and taxation department issued an announcement to continue to implement the tax policies related to science and technology business incubators, university science parks and Zhongchuang Space. Property tax and urban land use tax shall be exempted for national and provincial science and technology business incubators, university science parks and national record creation spaces, as well as for real estate and land provided to incubatees for free or through leasing; The income from providing incubation services to incubating objects shall be exempted from VAT.

　　"Actively establishing incubators and accelerator platforms can provide office space, financial support, legal advice, talent introduction and other services for start-ups, and form a professional environment to help start-ups develop and grow better." Tian Lihui believes that the financial system that supports the innovation and development of start-ups should be diversified and multi-level. It is necessary to develop various investment institutions such as angel investment, venture capital and private equity. At the same time, it is necessary for the government, financial institutions and other parties to deepen cooperation and provide start-ups with all-round services and assistance.

　　

　　Reporter Wang Guan You Yi Wang Pei

The second phase of the 121st Canton Fair opened in Guangzhou yesterday. Unlike in previous years, when exhibitors competed for foreign orders in the exhibition hall, a team holding the banner of "Before relying on foreigners, now relying on Netease YEATION-10 billion procurement funds waiting for you" was particularly eye-catching yesterday.

"I have generally only seen exhibitors advertise to grab orders, but buyers have never seen anything that attracts exhibitors’ attention." A domestic buyer who has participated in the Canton Fair for five consecutive years said so.

At present, China’s foreign trade shows obvious signs of stabilization, but many foreign trade enterprises are still struggling to cope with uncertainties such as rising cost factors. As a representative of domestic ODM e-commerce, Netease YEATION made a high-profile "anti-grab" China manufacturers at the Canton Fair. On the one hand, Netease YEATION, which focuses on quality products, explored its own needs for high-quality supplier resources; On the other hand, with the obvious trend of domestic consumption upgrading, foreign trade enterprises that had advantages in production quality have a better market opportunity to explore the domestic market.

Foreign trade is picking upBut enterprisesStill havenip/chill in the air

According to the data released by the General Administration of Customs on April 13th, in the first quarter of 2017, China’s import and export of goods reached 6.2 trillion yuan, up 21.8% year-on-year. This is the year-on-year growth of China’s total import and export value for three consecutive quarters since the second half of last year.

However, Lu Wenbo, general manager of Guangzhou Puxin International Trade Co., Ltd., an exhibitor of Canton Fair, is still unhappy. Lu Wenbo’s company is mainly engaged in exporting refrigerators and air-conditioning compressors. Last year, with the depreciation of RMB and the recovery of emerging market countries in the United States and Southeast Asia, the company’s turnover increased to a certain extent, but its profits were compressed. "But because the price of steel doubled last year, and packaging materials such as plastics also rose sharply, the production cost rose, and we had to give up some profit margins to maintain our competitiveness."

Xu Bing, spokesman of Canton Fair and deputy director of China Foreign Trade Center, also reminded that since the beginning of this year, China’s foreign trade has continued the good momentum of stabilization and improvement since last year, and new development momentum is accumulating. However, the current world economic recovery is weak, the market demand has not been fundamentally improved, and "anti-globalization" has obviously risen. China’s domestic comprehensive factor costs are rising, and the traditional advantages of foreign trade are weakening. The foreign trade situation is still complicated and grim, and it still needs hard work to consolidate the stable and good momentum of foreign trade.

According to the report "Trade Statistics and Outlook" released by the World Trade Organization (WTO), the growth rate of global trade is expected to expand to 2.4% this year, and the uncertainty of major economies’ policies will curb trade activities. Higher inflation rate will lead to higher interest rates, and tighter fiscal policies and trade barriers will slow down trade growth in the next two years.

Exit turnOpportunities for domestic sales opportunities

When the reporter visited the museum, he learned that in order to share the potential risks brought by foreign trade uncertainties, some foreign trade enterprises not only choose emerging markets, but also actively promote the domestic market with great potential.

In fact, it is nothing new to talk about "exporting to domestic sales" at the Canton Fair. As early as 2009, when experiencing the global economic crisis, opening up the domestic market was an important topic for foreign trade enterprises. In that year, the Canton Fair even set up a domestic procurement center for the first time to invite domestic buyers to help foreign trade enterprises "save the market".

Exhibitor Yang Chongyi’s company is mainly engaged in the production of thermos cups for export. In addition to OEM for overseas brands, the company has launched its own brand since 2003, and the sales channels are very mature. Except for the layout of physical supermarkets, Tmall and JD.COM have opened flagship stores, but what makes Yang Chongyi a little helpless is that products with almost the same materials and quality can hardly sell at a good price as long as they are China brands and China designs.

Some exhibitors believe that with the general trend of domestic consumption upgrading, the ranks of the middle class are getting bigger. This group demands itself with high standards, and consumption preferences are beginning to be related to quality of life, emotional factors, personalization and sense of design. It is more appropriate to talk about "export to domestic sales" now.

"It can be said that the manufacturers at the Canton Fair have been doing OEM work for foreign countries, so their production capacity is very strong. Many of them have their own R&D centers and are very familiar with the needs of consumers in China. The Canton Fair has gathered the top domestic manufacturers. " Some domestic buyers said that although the foreign trade situation has stabilized, after this wave of economic crisis, many foreign trade factories have realized that they can’t rely solely on foreign markets. In addition, after the domestic consumption upgrade, Chinese people are more willing to pay for the quality of goods, and the "export goods" with high quality and price can also have a market in China.

Yang Feng Jianmin, an exhibitor, is the deputy general manager of a scissors manufacturing enterprise in Yangjiang. In the past, this enterprise was 100% an export order and contracted for a German brand. Two years ago, Feng Jianmin and his company participated in the Canton Fair, with the intention of expanding more overseas business. Surprisingly, it opened up domestic sales channels by mistake.

"At the Spring Fair last year, the head of Netease YEATION visited the Canton Fair to find high-quality domestic suppliers, and just came to our booth. After learning that we were OEM scissors for a famous German brand, we hit it off and started cooperation. Before that, we never took orders for domestic sales."

At present, the company has launched two scissors products in Netease YEATION, with the price ranging from 10 yuan to 20 yuan. With the same technology and materials, the price of scissors products manufactured by the company for German brands has reached more than RMB in 200 yuan. With high cost performance, the sales of two scissors products are very hot, and the current sales volume has reached more than 30,000.

Netease YEATION Supply Chain Strategyleave first

However, the reporter also learned at the Canton Fair that although the prospect of "domestic consumption upgrading" is bright, some foreign trade-oriented enterprises with relatively weak capital can only try hard to meet the domestic market because of the different transaction methods, trading rules and settlement methods between domestic trade and foreign trade.

According to industry insiders who have been engaged in foreign trade for many years, the transaction process of foreign trade-oriented enterprises in the past was very simple. After receiving the order-proofing and confirming to the customer-auxiliary materials for production-production of bulk goods-inspection and shipment-payment was received. However, in the domestic market, when the brand cooperates with the supplier, it adopts the "361" payment method, that is, it is paid in stages according to 30% advance payment, 60% withdrawal payment and 10% quality guarantee. When the brand pays the remaining 10% of the mortgage, it will not only pay interest, but also often deduct the factory money, which will make the enterprises interested in domestic sales bear huge financial pressure risks.

In this regard, the relevant person in charge of Netease YEATION introduced that Netease YEATION has a special fund to pay the interest on withholding money to all cooperative suppliers, thus forming a benign cooperative relationship with suppliers and changing their long-term passive position. According to the industry practice, 10% of the payment will be paid as the quality guarantee, and Netease YEATION will pay the interest of this deposit to the supplier according to the bank interest rate.

It is reported that in addition to the above preferential interest policy, in order to ensure the stability of cooperation, CEO Ding Lei also said at the first supplier conference of Netease YEATION last year that in terms of orders, every cooperation between YEATION and suppliers will last at least 3 to 5 years, which is equivalent to giving suppliers a reassurance.

For the exhibitors in the Canton Fair, Netease YEATION, a model of direct supply of ODM products by suppliers, is a new attempt for them.

"The market competition for OEM of foreign big brands is becoming more and more fierce, and brands are pushing down prices too hard; The gross profit margin of supplying to YEATION is generally slightly higher than the traditional OEM model. " Ye Guoan’s handbag manufacturing co., Ltd. has been with Netease YEATION for one year. He said that although most of the company’s sales still come from the traditional OEM mode, he has decided to increase the scale of cooperation with YEATION, recommend several self-developed products to YEATION for shelf screening every quarter, and split the large workshop that was previously produced to match large orders into several small workshops to adapt to the rhythm of e-commerce and respond quickly. He feels that his identity has changed from a simple OEM to a strategic partner of YEATION, and his independent space has become larger.

"Maybe now is the best opportunity to bring foreign trade goods back to China and open up the domestic market." Ye Guoan said so.

Original Cheng Qionghui is a good doctor.

Dr. Wen Kepu: Dr. Cheng Qionghui

Every time I go out to the clinic, there will be patients with HPV infection who ask me anxiously, "Will I get condyloma acuminatum?" Will you get cervical cancer? Doctor, what should I do? " .

Condyloma acuminatum is an embarrassing sexually transmitted disease, which is caused by HPV infection and easy to recur, which will have a great impact on patients’ body and mind. Cervical cancer, one of the common malignant tumors in women, is also mainly caused by HPV infection.

Therefore, when HPV infection is detected, many people will panic.

After being infected with HPV, you may not get it.

Condyloma Acuminatum and Cervical Cancer

1. Over 80% of women will be infected with HPV.

About more than 80% of women may be infected with HPV in their lifetime, but not all of them may develop condyloma acuminatum or cervical cancer.

2. There are many HPV types.

At present, more than 200 subtypes of HPV have been identified, of which more than 40 subtypes can spread through sexual contact and infect the anal genital area.

HPV can be divided into low-risk type and high-risk type according to the carcinogenic risk. 90% ~ 95% of condyloma acuminatum cases are caused by low-risk viruses HPV6 and HPV11, and high-risk HPV persistent infection (mainly HPV16 and HPV18) can progress to cancer.

3. After being infected with HPV, most of them can clear themselves.

According to some data, most people will detect HPV within one year after they have sexual contact with HPV.

In most immunocompetent people, genital infection is only temporary. Within 1 ~ 2 years after HPV infection, the infection can be cleared by oneself through their own immune resistance, which is medically called transient infection.

4. After infection, HPV may be latent and persistent in vivo.

A few people with normal immunity, or when the immunity is not enough to clear HPV, HPV virus will lurk in the body for a long time, which is called persistent infection in medicine.

If you already have condyloma acuminatum, the number and size of warts may increase after the first appearance of warts, or they may disappear on their own. HPV infection may persist even after the visible warts subside. Mechanical stimulation, injury, immunosuppression, inflammation and other extracellular factors will affect the copy number of virus in latent infected cells, which may lead to the recurrence of warts.

Persistent high-risk HPV infection may lead to cervical cancer, penile cancer, anal cancer’s disease, oral cancer and other diseases.

Pay attention to these four points after being infected with HPV.

After being infected with HPV, don’t be too nervous or ill, and the suggestions are as follows:

1. Timely medical treatment

Women who continue to be infected with HPV will go through a rather slow process if cervical lesions may occur in the future. Once the infection is found, they must go to a regular hospital in time, and if necessary, they can consider corresponding treatment measures to speed up the elimination of HPV infection and reduce related risks.

2. Regular review and detection of HPV, regular physical examination and screening.

After being infected with HPV, remember to regularly review and monitor HPV viral load and TCT. Regular physical examination and cancer screening, once the disease progresses, can be found early and treated early!

3. Vaccinate with HPV vaccine

The best time for vaccination is 9-13 years old recommended by the World Health Organization and 9-26 years old recommended by the United States. In short, before having sex, the earlier the vaccination, the better.

If you have been infected with HPV, you can also be vaccinated. Because the vaccine covers many types of HPV viruses, the infected HPV may only be one or several types, and it can still play a preventive role against some uninfected HPV viruses after vaccination.

4. Avoid other risk factors

The increase in the number of sexual partners and the unfixed sexual partners will significantly increase the probability of HPV infection and increase the risk of cervical cancer. Therefore, it is recommended that sexual partners be fixed and single, and they should be covered all the time.

In addition, pay attention to quit smoking, avoid multiple abortions, have a good sleep, eat a good meal, exercise more, maintain a positive and optimistic attitude and a happy mood, and enhance immunity.

Read the original text

　　Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, December 26 (Reporter Gao Jing) Since the beginning of this year, China has continued to promote the blue sky defense war, and the air pollution control in key areas has achieved remarkable results, but the air quality in some areas has fluctuated, and the concentration of PM2.5 has increased to varying degrees.

　　At the press conference held by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment that day, Liu Youbin, spokesperson of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, introduced this situation.

　　Liu Youbin said that air pollution control in key areas has achieved remarkable results. According to the latest data from the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, in November this year, the average number of excellent days in "2+26" cities in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei and surrounding areas was 63%, up 18.6 percentage points year-on-year; The concentration of PM2.5 was 63 μ g/m3, a year-on-year decrease of 25.9%.

　　He said that in addition to key areas, the quality of atmospheric environment in other areas has also improved significantly. From January to November 2019, the average concentration of PM2.5 in 261 cities with PM2.5 below the standard level and above was 38 μ g/m3, which was 22.4% lower than that in the same period of 2015, exceeding the progress requirements of the 13 th Five-Year Plan. Among them, Central China and Southwest China decreased by 22% and 13% respectively; The average concentration of PM2.5 in more than a dozen provinces such as Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia changed from substandard to standard.

　　He also said that since the beginning of this year, air quality in some areas has fluctuated due to factors such as insufficient work pressure transmission and ineffective response to heavy polluted weather. For example, in the border area of Jiangsu, Anhui and Lu Yu where the "2+26" city and the Yangtze River Delta meet, the concentration of PM2.5 in Hunan and other places has increased to varying degrees.

　　In response to the above situation, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment timely organized a symposium on air quality early warning and joint prevention and control of regional air pollution, carried out air quality early warning on a quarterly basis, and interviewed areas with serious pollution rebound. At present, the rebound of pollution in some areas has been effectively curbed.

　　Liu Youbin said that in the next step, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment will continue to guide all localities to accurately control pollution, scientifically control pollution, and control pollution according to law to ensure the successful completion of the goals of the blue sky defense war. The first is to implement the working mechanism of "early warning, interview and accountability" and carry out special inspections in areas where air quality has deteriorated significantly and the progress of binding indicators has lagged behind. The second is to strengthen guidance and assistance to cities in non-key areas, and strengthen regional joint prevention and control of cross-regional pollution problems. The third is to strengthen the response to heavy pollution weather, guide local governments to implement performance grading and differentiated control, and effectively reduce the impact of heavy pollution weather.

　　Now is the internet age, and many elective courses in universities offer the choice of online courses, which allows students to choose online courses or offline courses freely. So,How to finish online courses quickly? The following will be introduced to you.

How to finish online courses quickly

　　Step 1, download and install an old version of the roaming browser;

　　Step 2, open the web page of the online course, enter the settings of the browser, and set the mandatory extreme speed mode in the advanced settings;

　　Step 3, click on the online course video you selected;

　　Step 4, put the mouse in the video frame, and a horse icon will appear in the upper right corner of the video frame;

　　Step 5: Move the mouse to the icon and select Fast Forward.

　　The above is the answer about how to finish the online course quickly, hoping to help everyone.