标签： 上海夜生活 全国品茶服务

March vegetables bloom,

Rapeseed is ripe in June,

Seed oil pressed in August.

After four seasons of sowing in autumn, storing in winter, growing in spring and harvesting in summer, a grain of rapeseed has matured, and through the processes of removing impurities, frying seeds, squeezing, filtering and settling, clear, transparent and mellow rapeseed has entered thousands of households.

Everyone has appreciated the beauty of rape blossoms and tasted the fragrance brought by rapeseed oil, so how much do you know about rapeseed oil? Today, small farmers invited Hu Qiong, a researcher from the Institute of Oilseed Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, to listen to experts talk about rapeseed oil!

The name of rape

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Fu Qian wrote "Popular Wen", which recorded that "Brassica is called Hu Cai", and "Brassica" was the ancient rape in China, which was often used as a vegetable at that time.

Later, people gradually discovered that rape seeds can produce oil, so they bred Chinese cabbage rape which can extract oil through breeding and domestication. Rapeseed is also named after "oil".

How rapeseed becomes vegetable oil

Generally speaking, rapeseed oil extraction technology can be divided into "pressing" and "extraction".

"Squeezing" is the physical and mechanical squeezing of rapeseed by using squeezing equipment to produce oil, which can be divided into cold pressing and hot pressing, among which hot pressing is more commonly used.

"Hot pressing" means that rapeseed is heated by frying, steaming, etc., and then mechanically pressed to produce oil; "Cold pressing" means that rapeseed is pressed without baking or slightly heating, and the "crude oil" squeezed by cold pressing needs heating and dehydration before it can be filtered out into clear vegetable oil.

In contrast, hot pickled mustard tuber oil is rich in flavor because of the influence of high temperature; Cold mustard tuber oil is clear and beautiful in color, but light in fragrance.

"Extraction" is to soak or spray rapeseed with an organic solvent that can dissolve oil, so that the oil in the oil can be extracted.

In addition, it is popular to extract vegetable oil by "microwave pressing" on the market at present. This method uses microwave to heat rapeseed, which can better control the temperature and make the color of oil clear. At the same time, it is also conducive to the efficient release and dissolution of nutrients and oils in rapeseed, and plays a certain role in enhancing fragrance.

N reasons for choosing vegetable oil

In general, three kinds of rapeseed, Chinese cabbage rape, cabbage rape and mustard rape, can be used for oil extraction. However, because of the strong disease resistance and good quality of Brassica napus, most of them belong to double-low varieties (low erucic acid and glucosinolate content) and high oil yield, so they are mostly selected for oil extraction.

rap oil

　 　 　 Fatty acid composition balance: the fatty acid composition in rapeseed oil is relatively balanced, and the saturated fatty acid content in vegetable oil is the lowest, about 7%.

High oleic acid content: It is pointed out in the Dietary Guide for China Residents that oleic acid can reduce bad cholesterol and increase good cholesterol. In the eyes of experts, oleic acid is also an important indicator to measure whether an edible oil is more conducive to health. At present, the oleic acid content of most vegetable oils sold in the market can reach 60%, and the oleic acid content of rapeseed oil with high content can even reach more than 70%, which can well meet the public’s demand for oleic acid.

Reasonable ratio of linoleic acid to linolenic acid: According to the Standard for Healthy Edible Oil issued by FAO, the ratio of linoleic acid to linolenic acid in essential fatty acids should be less than or equal to 4:1. Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are one kind of unsaturated fatty acids, which cannot be synthesized by human body. The proportion of rapeseed oil is reasonable.

Rich in nutrients: Rapeseed oil also contains major trace elements needed by human body, such as iron, copper and zinc, and the proportion of vitamin E in rapeseed oil is relatively appropriate.

Rapeseed oil is currently recognized as "the healthiest edible vegetable oil for the public".

What is unique about "low erucic acid vegetable oil"

"Low erucic acid rapeseed oil" refers to rapeseed oil with erucic acid content not exceeding 3%. It is made by squeezing low erucic acid rapeseed, and the erucic acid content is much lower than that of traditional rapeseed oil.

At present, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and WHO have put forward a limited standard for erucic acid in edible oil, requiring that the erucic acid content in edible oil should be less than 5%. The standard of erucic acid content in edible oil in some countries requires that it should not exceed 2% of total fatty acids.

In the chemical molecular composition of oleic acid and linolenic acid, the carbon chain is short, while erucic acid is a long-chain unsaturated fatty acid, which consists of 22 carbon chains. The long carbon chain is difficult to digest and has poor absorption and utilization rate, which will reduce the nutritional value of vegetable oil. And high doses of erucic acid can also induce myocardial fat accumulation, congestive heart failure and other diseases.

Now, the vegetable oil brands advertised as "low erucic acid rapeseed oil" in Shangchao and grain and oil stores are generally up to standard in erucic acid content, so you can buy them with confidence.

Tips for eating vegetable oil

No.1: which onesPeople are not fit to eat vegetable oil?

Rapeseed oil is suitable for all ages. Under normal circumstances, as long as there is no allergic reaction to the ingredients of rapeseed oil, most people are suitable for eating rapeseed oil.

However, in view of acute gastroenteritis, diarrhea and other diseases, it is suggested to control the dosage of vegetable oil. Although there is an old saying that "too much oil will not spoil vegetables", it is important to remember that too much oil will spoil people, so it is not advisable to drink too much cooking oil every day, just in moderation.

No.2: how to preserve the vegetable oil after opening?

It is recommended to keep it away from light and heat. Rapeseed oil after daily opening can be stored in a glass bottle for sealing, away from the stove, and placed in a dark cabinet, so as to avoid the emission of effective components in the rapeseed oil and not affect the fragrance and taste of the oil.

No.3: what is the best way to eat vegetable oil?

The content of unstable fatty acids in rapeseed oil is less, so it will not form too many trans fatty acids harmful to human body after heating, and high-temperature cooking can release the fragrance of rapeseed oil well and enrich the taste of vegetables.

Rapeseed oil is listed as the first choice for making Chili oil because of its strong fragrance, bright oil and high temperature resistance. Stir-frying rapeseed oil and pepper at high temperature can effectively blend their unique flavors and increase the overall flavor of Chili oil.

If it is high oleic rapeseed oil, its stability is better. Compared with other types of vegetable oil, it can withstand high temperature heating and repeated frying. Suitable for making fried food, such as fried dough sticks, French fries and other foods.

In addition, the fragrance of normal temperature rapeseed oil itself is not as rich as sesame oil, and if it is used to mix cold dishes without heating, it may not taste particularly good. Therefore, if the heated vegetable oil is used to mix cold dishes, the oil fragrance will be more obvious.

Food is the most important thing for the people.

Smelling the original vegetable oil fragrance,

Are you full of appetite at every meal?

What other tricks are there to eat vegetable oil?

Welcome to discuss with small farmers,

Be a little expert in using oil!

focus

Recently, a # Pain is a danger signal of herpes zoster # boarded a hot search in Weibo, causing everyone’s attention to herpes zoster!

How painful is it to get herpes zoster? People who have had this disease are worried about it and complain bitterly!

What disease is herpes zoster?

Herpes zoster is what people call "raw snake", "waist-wrapped dragon" and "waist-turned dragon", which is infected by varicella-zoster virus and occurs in middle-aged and elderly people over 50 years old, showing clustered blisters.

At the time of eruption, the skin of the affected area first appeared tidal erythema, then appeared clustered papules without fusion, and then quickly turned into blisters, with redness around the blisters. Skin lesions are often distributed along a certain peripheral nerve area, generally occurring on one side of the body and not exceeding the midline. Blisters will then dry up, scab and fall off, and there may be pigmentation left behind. Generally, skin lesions last for 2-3 weeks, and the elderly are about 3-4 weeks.

Characteristics of herpes zoster-high infection rate.

According to public information, herpes zoster is more common in older people with immunosuppression or immunodeficiency. According to Professor Chang Jianmin, director of the dermatology department of Peking Hospital and deputy director of the Department of Dermatology and Venereology of Peking University, in China, about 99.5% of adults aged 50 and above are latent varicella-zoster virus, and there are about 1.56 million new cases of herpes zoster in people aged 50 and above every year. According to the China Expert Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Postherpetic Neuralgia, the annual incidence of herpes zoster is about 3-5‰.

Characteristics of herpes zoster-patients have to bear great pain.

It is understood that the onset of herpes zoster is very painful, such as cutting, burning, electric shock and whipping. The degree of pain is higher than that of childbirth, and even some patients will suffer from inattention, disorder, anxiety and depression, which is both physical and psychological. Some netizens commented: "Once you get sick, it invades your nerves and hurts like hell."

Often accompanied by significant neuralgia.

There is a saying: "snake sores, waist-wrapped dragons, crawling all over the circle will kill people", which means that it is painful when it comes on. It affects work during the day and sleep at night. Herpes zoster is contagious, mainly through droplets and contact.

Recently, with the increase of rain and the arrival of humid weather, the resistance of middle-aged and elderly people is extremely easy to decline, and herpes zoster is also prone to high incidence. Everyone must pay attention to it.

Vaccination can effectively prevent

Herpes zoster vaccine, namely recombinant herpes zoster vaccine (CHO cell), was officially launched in China in early July 2020. It is suitable for preventing herpes zoster. The vaccination target is adults aged 50 and over, and the immunization program is 2 doses.

Vaccination interval is 2 months, and the longest is no more than 6 months. Experts say that herpes zoster is a common disease in the elderly. To prevent the occurrence of herpes zoster, the first is to improve immunity, and the second is very important for middle-aged and elderly people to get a rash vaccine!

For friends over 50 years old, it is recommended to vaccinate against herpes zoster, because with the increase of age, the probability of herpes zoster is getting higher and higher, and the incidence rate of people over 50 years old is obvious because of the gradual decline of cellular immune function, and active vaccination can reduce this risk. Vaccination is more recommended for people over 50 years old who have had chickenpox and their immunity is relatively low.

Do people who have had it still need to be vaccinated?

Experts say that people who have had herpes zoster once have a very low chance of getting sick again. The human body has a memory of herpes zoster virus immunity and will produce antibodies to avoid getting sick again.

However, people who have had herpes zoster and have relapsed still exist. Such patients often have very low immunity. After getting herpes zoster for the first time, they did not get enough antibodies. Therefore, when a similar situation occurs for the second time, the antibodies in the body are not enough to resist the virus, which will make the disease happen again. Therefore, for patients who have experienced herpes zoster recurrence, experts still recommend vaccination against herpes zoster to prevent recurrence.

Domestic listing enters countdown.

Throughout the world, there are two kinds of herpes zoster vaccines listed. Among them, shingrix from GlaxoSmithKline was approved to be listed in China in 2019 for preventing herpes zoster in adults aged 50 and over, and was officially launched in China market on June 28th, 2020, which is the only herpes zoster vaccine listed in China at present.

As herpes zoster vaccine belongs to the national immunization program, patients need to pay for it themselves. The price announced by Shanghai CDC is 1603.5 yuan/dose, and the full vaccination price is 3207 yuan, which is also the general price of community centers around the world, and the vaccination fee is not cheap. It is worth noting that at present, many domestic pharmaceutical companies are researching and developing the distribution of herpes zoster vaccine, and the fastest research and development company has received the Acceptance Notice of the application for the marketing license of live attenuated herpes zoster vaccine issued by the Drug Evaluation Center of China Food and Drug Administration. In other words, the vaccine has entered the stage of applying for marketing!

Source of this article: CCTV

　　Beijing, April 23rd (Reporter Shangguan Yun): Innovative and distinctive decoration, ingenious book display, and accompanying coffee and water bar … … Nowadays, this "online celebrity Bookstore" similar to the cultural consumption space has attracted a large number of fans with its high value.

　　However, the purpose of people going to bookstores in the early days was generally clear: buying books or reading books. However, in the eyes of a large number of people who walk into "online celebrity Bookstore", books are not the key point, but taking pictures is: finding the angle, posing, pressing the shutter, and you’re POSE.

　　Bookstores are becoming more and more beautiful, but some people’s focus is not on books? On the eve of World Book Day, the reporter learned during the interview that the above phenomenon is not uncommon. Moreover, even the "online celebrity Bookstore" needs to think deeply about how to improve people’s reading enthusiasm.

　　Warm memories in the old bookstore

　　Bookstores carry many people’s warmest reading memories, as they did decades ago.

　　Liu Yida, a writer and author of Tao Beijing, especially likes visiting bookstores since childhood. In the past, his impression of bookstores mainly came from Xinhua Bookstore, in addition, there were China Bookstore, which monopolized ancient books and used books, as well as foreign language bookstores and children’s bookstores.

　　At that time, bookstores were mostly old-fashioned wooden doors with high steps, and books of different categories were stacked behind the counter. The shop assistant wears uniform overalls and sleeves, and occasionally takes a feather duster to clean up the dust. Readers will say hello to which book they like, turn it over first, and make out the invoice and pay the money when it is suitable.

　　Because there is no money, Liu Yida will go to read books with her classmates. The shop assistant didn’t tell the truth, still handed the book in a friendly way, watching a group of children squatting under the counter against time to finish reading the book, and at most reminded them when they were leaving work.

　　After the reform and opening up, a large number of foreign classics were introduced, and bookstores became a place where people gathered together. Liu Yida once rode a bicycle to "patrol shops" all over the city, and once got up at three or four in the morning to queue up, perhaps just to buy a copy of Resurrection.

　　If you can’t buy your favorite books, some readers will stay near the bookstore and exchange their books with others. Liu Yida once traded two books by Russian writers for Zola’s Nana.

　　"Today’s young people may find it difficult to understand people’s enthusiasm for bookstores and books at that time." Liu Yida sighed.

　　From experiencing the cold winter to "breaking the shell"

　　With the east wind of economic development, private bookstores were once very good. However, it didn’t take too long for the physical bookstore to usher in the "cold winter" in the mouth of the industry: the closure of Beijing roof of the world Bookstore and the closure of Photosynthetic Bookstore & HELIP; … Physical bookstores such as Shanghai Thinking Music Bookstore also withdrew.

　　According to statistics, from 2002 to 2012, especially after 2011, there was a large-scale collapse of private bookstores. In fact, even if some physical bookstores don’t have relevant stores, they need to move because of a series of reasons such as rising rents and e-commerce shocks.

　　With the development of the Internet, fragmented reading methods have gradually spread, and fewer and fewer people seem willing to go into bookstores to buy books and read books as before. More and more people are calling for "protecting the development of physical bookstores".

　　In recent years, with the support of favorable policies, some traditional bookstores began to seek changes by taking advantage of the situation; Some characteristic physical bookstores have gradually taken root: new chain bookstores such as Sisyph and Yanjiyou appear in front of people … …

　　Unconsciously, physical bookstores are quietly picking up, and readers have more good places to go.

　　The hustle and bustle of "online celebrity Bookstore"

　　However, some readers obviously find that some bookstores now are a little different from the past: not only are the interior decorations particularly novel, but also various lectures and cultural activities are held; They also sell coffee or light meals. People seem to have added another purpose to the bookstore: taking pictures.

　　The Page One Bookstore in Qianmen, Beijing, once painted a wave of screens with its beautiful bookstore interior design: the tall "Tongtian Book Wall", which is like the roof of the starry sky … … It has attracted many readers to punch in, and it is called "online celebrity Bookstore".

　　Nowadays, it is not uncommon to find a high-value "online celebrity Bookstore". It’s just a little embarrassing: quite a few people come to it, the main purpose is not to study, but to find angles, pose, and then take pictures and make friends, and you’re done.

　　On the weekend before World Reading Day, in the Page One Bookstore near Qianmen, the reporter roughly counted six or seven readers taking pictures in about five minutes. Professional, and brought a camera.

　　"Bookstores are places to spread knowledge. You don’t have to buy books or listen to lectures. At least do something related to books and reading." A young reader half-jokingly "spits" that bookstores are getting better and better, but it doesn’t seem to attract readers in direct proportion to this.

　　Bookstores are getting more and more beautiful. Why didn’t the reading of paper books go up much?

　　Not long ago, the main findings of the 16th National Reading Survey were released. The data showed that the average reading volume of paper books for China adults in 2018 was only 4.67, which was basically the same as 4.66 in 2017.

　　Therefore, some people ask, bookstores have become more beautiful and have more complete functions. Why don’t people read more paper books?

　　Writer Sanshi believes that the increase of high-value bookstores and online celebrity bookstores is a good phenomenon in itself. "This is the result of the transformation and upgrading of physical bookstores in recent years, with the purpose of attracting readers’ attention and stimulating the public’s desire to read."

　　"Readers are keen to punch in and take photos at online celebrity Bookstore, which has an objective propaganda effect and can let more people know about the bookstore." Sanshi said, however, these "online celebrity-style" photo traffic needs to be effectively converted into the traffic for readers to read.

　　On the other hand, the popularity of mobile phones, short videos and live broadcasts has also squeezed out too much time for readers. The fast-paced life and the fragmented way of obtaining information make it difficult for many people to even have the patience to finish reading a novel.

　　"For bookstores, what needs to be considered is how to hold interesting activities, so that people who simply punch in and take pictures are attracted by the fun of reading and take the initiative to buy books to study. This is combined with other reading promotion activities to promote the increase of people’s reading. " Sanshi said that this is the responsibility of bookstores to spread knowledge, but it may be a long process. (End)